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Matter is everything that takes up space and has mass.
When things take up space, we often need to measure them.
We need to find out how much space they take up!
VOLUME
Volume is one way that we can measure matter.
Volume answers the question:
How much space does an object take up?
Example
Which of these objects takes up the most space? The desk, the bed, the bookcase, or the nightstand?
Obviously, the bed is taking up the most space. It looks like the bookcase is next. Then it's the desk and the nightstand.
MASS
Mass is another way of measuring matter.
Mass answers the question:
How much matter does the object have in it?
Or, how heavy is it?
We use a measuring scale to measure the mass of an object.
We can measure mass of different objects and know which ones are heavier and which ones are lighter.
Example
Heavier Objects
Lighter Objects
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is another way of measuring matter.
Temperature answers the question:
How much hot or cold an object is?
We use a thermometer to measure the temperature of an object.
Example
Let's see how these food items are arranged according to their proper temperature.
Ice cream is very cold. So, it is put in the freezer.
Lettuce is cool, so we put it in the fridge.
Potato chips are at room temperature and can be kept in the cabinet.
Pot of soup is always served hot, so we keep it on the stove.
Another way of measuring matter is density.
DENSITY
Density is the word we use to tell how tightly packed things are.
Solids, liquids, and gases have different densities.
When something has more density, it sinks, and something less tightly packed will float.
Example
Think about the oil floating on soup.
Which one do you think has more density, the oil or soup broth?
Soup broth is denser than oil.
Now, let's compare the density of two different solids, a block of concrete and a block of styrofoam.
These two blocks have the same volume. They take up the same amount of space.
But which has more density? Which is more tightly packed? Can you guess?
Concrete block is more dense than a styrofoam block.
Now let's compare the density of different gases, hot air above fire or cold air above ice?
Cold air above ice is denser than hot air above fire.
Measuring Matter
Matter is anything that takes up space. We can measure matter by its volume or its mass. We can also measure it by its temperature or its density.
Volume measures how much space something takes up. A bed takes up more space than a nightstand.
Mass measures how much matter is in an object. A metal trophy has more mass than a stuffed toy.
Temperature measures how hot or cold something is. Soup boiling on the stove is hot. Ice cream in the freezer is cold.
Density measures how closely packed matter is. A block of concrete is more closely packed than a block of Styrofoam.
Matter floats when it is less dense than the material around it. Oil is less dense than water, so oil floats in water.
A. Measuring Volume
This activity will help you measure the volume of different objects.
What you need:
- 4 objects of similar size to measure (something small enough to fit in a plastic cup. Suggestions: an eraser, a rock, a metal nut or bolt, a small lump of clay)
- 5 clear plastic cups
- Some water
- Permanent marker
What to do:
Which one has the most volume?
- Fill all the cups half with water. Mark the water level on the side of each cup with a marker.
- Put one of the four objects in each of the first four cups. Do not put anything in the fifth cup.
- Watch how much water rises in each cup. Mark the new water level. This shows you how much space the object takes up in water.
B. Measuring Mass
What you need:
- 1 cup of popcorn kernels
- 1 cup of popped popcorn
- Large clear plastic cup half filled with water
- Pan balance
What to do:
- Measure one cup of popcorn kernels. Place it into one side of the pan balance. Find out the weight of the popcorn. Remove the popcorn.
- Measure one cup of popped popcorn. Place it into one side of the pan balance. Find the weight of the popcorn.
- Which type of popcorn has more mass?
C. Measuring Density
Now you can use the popcorn to measure density.
- Pour some popcorn kernels into the cup of water.
- Pour the same amount of popped popcorn into the water.
- What happened? What can you tell about the density of the popcorn kernels and the popped popcorn?
D. Density of Liquids and Floating or Sinking
Now you'll measure the density of some liquids, and observe things that float and sink.
What you need:
- corn syrup
- water
- oil
- 4 plastic cups
- various small objects (to test whether they float or not)
What to do:
- Pour some corn syrup in one cup, water in another, and oil in another. Fill each cup about 1/4 up.
- Test each of the objects to see whether they float in the liquids. Write down your results.
- Which of the liquids has the most density?
- Now, in the fourth cup, pour some of each type of liquid.
- What happened?
- You can re-test your floating objects to see how they do in the three combined liquids. Record your results.
Measuring Temperature
Now you can measure the temperature of different items.
What you need:
- ice
- water
- stove or microwave
- 4 cups
- a coffee mug
What to do:
- Fill the first cup with ice, then add cold water.
- Fill the second cup with cool water (no ice).
- Fill the third cup with lukewarm water (not hot or cold)
- Fill the fourth cup with hot water from the tap.
- Fill the mug with very hot water, heated on the stove or the microwave.
- Take the temperature of the lukewarm water first. From this, try to predict the temperatures of the water in the other cups and the mug. Write down your predictions.
- Use your thermometer to measure the temperature of the water in the other cups and the mug. Record your results.
- Answer these questions:
- Were your predictions close to the actual temperatures?
- Which water had the lowest temperature?
- Which had the highest?
- How much colder was the ice water than the cool water?
- How much hotter was the heated water than the hot tap water?
